ABSTRACT

INTRODUCTION: Due to the cardiotoxicity of cancer treatment and traditional risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) such as obesity, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and hypertension, cancer patients are at higher risk of developing CVD. However, limited research exists on the correlation between chronic kidney disease (CKD) and CVD risk in cancer patients.

METHODS: This cross-sectional study selected cancer patients aged ≥20 years from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) conducted from 2015 to 2020. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess the association between CKD and CVD in cancer patients. Additionally, subgroup analyses were conducted to investigate the association among different groups of cancer patients.

RESULTS: We included 1700 adult cancer patients (52.53% were female). After multivariable adjustment for covariates including traditional CVD factors, CKD was significantly associated with CVD, with an odds ratio (95% confidence interval) and P-value of 1.61(1.18,2.19) and 0.004. Subgroup analyses after multivariable adjustment showed a significant correlation between CKD and increased CVD risk in the following populations: age ≥60 years, males, White ethnicity, and individuals with or without traditional CVD factors (obesity, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and hypertension).

CONCLUSIONS: CKD remains a significant factor in the higher risk of CVD among adult cancer patients in the United States, even after adjustment for traditional CVD risk factors. Therefore, to reduce the risk of CVD in cancer patients, it is important to treat CKD as a non-traditional risk factor for CVD and actively manage it.

PMID:37839394 | DOI:10.1159/000534182

23:07

PubMed articles on: Cardio-Oncology

ATP protects anti-PD-1/radiation-induced cardiac dysfunction by inhibiting anti-PD-1 exacerbated cardiomyocyte apoptosis, and improving autophagic flux

Heliyon. 2023 Oct 5;9(10):e20660. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20660. eCollection 2023 Oct.

 

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: With population aging, the prevalence of both cancer and atrial fibrillation (AF) have increased. However, there is scarce epidemiological data concerning the comorbid state of cancer and AF in low- and middle-income countries, including China.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to evaluate the site-, sex-, and age-specific profiles of cancer and AF comorbidities in Chinese populations.

METHODS: Data from the Shanghai Municipal Health Commission database between 2015 and 2020 were screened, covering all medical records of Shanghai residents with medical insurance. Site-specific cancer profiles were evaluated for the population with AF relative to the age- and sex-adjusted population of residents without AF. The sex distribution and peak age of cancer diagnosis were also assessed.

RESULTS: A total of 25,964,447 adult patients were screened. Among them, 22,185 patients presented cancers comorbid with AF (median 77, IQR 67-82 years of age; men: n=13,631, 61.44%), while 839,864 presented cancers without AF (median 67, IQR 57-72 years of age; men: n=419,020, 49.89%), thus yielding a higher cancer prevalence among residents with AF (8.27%) than among those without AF (6.05%; P<.001).

CONCLUSIONS: Patients with AF are associated with increased prevalence, heightened male predominance, and younger peak age of cancer. Further studies are needed to determine whether early screening of specific cancers is cost-effective and beneficial for patients with AF.

PMID:37847541 | DOI:10.2196/40149

23:07

PubMed articles on: Cardio-Oncology

Association of chronic kidney disease with cardiovascular disease in cancer patients: a cross-sectional study

Cardiorenal Med. 2023 Oct 14. doi: 10.1159/000534182. Online ahead of print.

 

ABSTRACT

Experimental inhibition of the (pro)renin receptor [(P)RR] is a promising therapeutic strategy in different disease models ranging from cardiorenal to oncological entities. Here, we briefly review the direct protein-protein interaction partners of the (P)RR and the plethora of distinct diseases in which the (P)RR is involved. The first structural work on the (P)RR using AlphaFold, which was recently published by Ebihara et al., is the center of this mini-review since it can mechanistically link the protein-protein interaction level with the pathophysiological level. More detailed insights into the 3D structure of the (P)RR and its interaction domains might guide drug discovery on this novel target. Finally, antibody- and small molecule-based approaches to inhibit the (P)RR are shortly discussed.

PMID:37885110 | DOI:10.2174/0113894501250617231016052930

23:06

PubMed articles on: Cardio-Oncology

Thymus alterations and susceptibility to immune checkpoint inhibitor myocarditis

Nat Med. 2023 Oct 26. doi: 10.1038/s41591-023-02591-2. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have transformed the therapeutic landscape in oncology. However, ICI can induce uncommon life-threatening autoimmune T-cell-mediated myotoxicities, including myocarditis and myositis. The thymus plays a critical role in T cell maturation. Here we demonstrate that thymic alterations are associated with increased incidence and severity of ICI myotoxicities. First, using the international pharmacovigilance database VigiBase, the Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris-Sorbonne University data warehouse (Paris, France) and a meta-analysis of clinical trials, we show that ICI treatment of thymic epithelial tumors (TET, and particularly thymoma) was more frequently associated with ICI myotoxicities than other ICI-treated cancers. Second, in an international ICI myocarditis registry, we established that myocarditis occurred earlier after ICI initiation in patients with TET (including active or prior history of TET) compared to other cancers and was more severe in terms of life-threatening arrythmias and concurrent myositis, leading to respiratory muscle failure and death. Lastly, we show that presence of anti-acetylcholine-receptor antibodies (a biological proxy of thymic-associated autoimmunity) was more prevalent in patients with ICI myocarditis than in ICI-treated control patients. Altogether, our results highlight that thymic alterations are associated with incidence and seriousness of ICI myotoxicities. Clinico-radio-biological workup evaluating the thymus may help in predicting ICI myotoxicities.

PMID:37884625 | DOI:10.1038/s41591-023-02591-2

23:07

PubMed articles on: Cardio-Oncology

Cancer and Atrial Fibrillation Comorbidities Among 25 Million Citizens in Shanghai, China: Medical Insurance Database Study

JMIR Public Health Surveill. 2023 Oct 17;9:e40149. doi: 10.2196/40149.

 

ABSTRACT

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have transformed the therapeutic landscape in oncology. However, ICI can induce uncommon life-threatening autoimmune T-cell-mediated myotoxicities, including myocarditis and myositis. The thymus plays a critical role in T cell maturation. Here we demonstrate that thymic alterations are associated with increased incidence and severity of ICI myotoxicities. First, using the international pharmacovigilance database VigiBase, the Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris-Sorbonne University data warehouse (Paris, France) and a meta-analysis of clinical trials, we show that ICI treatment of thymic epithelial tumors (TET, and particularly thymoma) was more frequently associated with ICI myotoxicities than other ICI-treated cancers. Second, in an international ICI myocarditis registry, we established that myocarditis occurred earlier after ICI initiation in patients with TET (including active or prior history of TET) compared to other cancers and was more severe in terms of life-threatening arrythmias and concurrent myositis, leading to respiratory muscle failure and death. Lastly, we show that presence of anti-acetylcholine-receptor antibodies (a biological proxy of thymic-associated autoimmunity) was more prevalent in patients with ICI myocarditis than in ICI-treated control patients. Altogether, our results highlight that thymic alterations are associated with incidence and seriousness of ICI myotoxicities. Clinico-radio-biological workup evaluating the thymus may help in predicting ICI myotoxicities.

PMID:37884625 | DOI:10.1038/s41591-023-02591-2

23:07

PubMed articles on: Cardio-Oncology

Cancer and Atrial Fibrillation Comorbidities Among 25 Million Citizens in Shanghai, China: Medical Insurance Database Study

JMIR Public Health Surveill. 2023 Oct 17;9:e40149. doi: 10.2196/40149.

 

ABSTRACT

Experimental inhibition of the (pro)renin receptor [(P)RR] is a promising therapeutic strategy in different disease models ranging from cardiorenal to oncological entities. Here, we briefly review the direct protein-protein interaction partners of the (P)RR and the plethora of distinct diseases in which the (P)RR is involved. The first structural work on the (P)RR using AlphaFold, which was recently published by Ebihara et al., is the center of this mini-review since it can mechanistically link the protein-protein interaction level with the pathophysiological level. More detailed insights into the 3D structure of the (P)RR and its interaction domains might guide drug discovery on this novel target. Finally, antibody- and small molecule-based approaches to inhibit the (P)RR are shortly discussed.

PMID:37885110 | DOI:10.2174/0113894501250617231016052930

23:06

PubMed articles on: Cardio-Oncology

Thymus alterations and susceptibility to immune checkpoint inhibitor myocarditis

Nat Med. 2023 Oct 26. doi: 10.1038/s41591-023-02591-2. Online ahead of print.

 

edetates, 260

ethylcellulose, 278

ethylene glycol palmitostearate, 283 glycerin monostearate, 308

guar gum, 315

hydroxypropyl cellulose, 336

hypromellose, 346

invert sugar, 747

lecithin, 409

magnesium aluminum silicate, 418 mineral oil and lanolin alcohols, 476 monoethanolamine, 478

pectin, 507

polacrilin potassium, 532

poloxamer, 535

polyvinyl alcohol, 592

potassium alginate, 594

potassium chloride, 600

povidone, 611

propyl gallate, 619

propylene glycol, 624 propylene glycol alginate, 627 raffinose, 635

sodium acetate, 654

sodium alginate, 656

sodium borate, 669

sodium stearyl fumarate, 707 sorbitol, 718

stearyl alcohol, 740

sulfobutylether b-cyclodextrin, 754

trehalose, 788

white wax, 817

xanthan gum, 821

xylitol, 824

yellow wax, 819

zinc acetate, 830

Stachyose, 636

Staflex DBP, 234

Starch, 444, 452, 703, 725, 732, 735, 753

corn, 725, 729

sterilizable, 732, 734

maize, 725, 729

sterilizable, 729, 732, 734 modified, dusting powder, 734 potato, 725

pregelatinized, 92, 703, 729, 731, 735

sterilizable maize, 729, 732, 734

wheat, 725

Starch 1500 G, 731

Starch 1500 LM, 732

Starch carboxymethyl ether, sodium salt, 701

Starch gum, 228

Starch sugar, 231

Starch syrup, 299

Starch-derivative dusting powder, 734

Star-Dri, 442, 444

Starfol Wax CG, 811 Stearalkonium hectorite, 319

Steareth-20, 564

Steareth-N, 564

Stearic acid, 103, 336, 407, 431, 484, 501,

587, 589, 731, 737, 833

aluminum dihydroxide salt, 42 aluminum salt, 42

calcium salt, 102

castor oil, 128 and corn oil, 204

and cottonseed oil, 206 magnesium salt, 430 monoester with glycerol, 308 peanut oil, 505

polyethoxylated, 585



purified, 739

sunflower oil, 760

zinc salt, 832

Stearic monoglyceride, 308

Stearol, 740

Stearyl alcohol, 151, 156, 740

Stearylamine, 111

Steatite, 767

Stenol, 740

Stepan GMO, 306

Stepan GMS, 308

Stepan IPM, 374

Stepan IPP, 376

Stereophanic acid, 737 Sterile water

for inhalation, 805

for injection, 805

for irrigation, 805

Sterile water for inhalation, 805 Sterile water for injection, 805 Sterile water for irrigation, 805 Sterilizable corn starch, 734 Sterilizable maize starch, 729, 734 Sterilizing agents

potassium metabisulfite, 607

see also Disinfectants

Sterisil, 323

Steri/Sol, 323

Sternpur, 409

Sterogenol, 158

Sterotex, 800

Sterotex HM, 800

Sterotex K, 131 Stiffening agents

anionic emulsifying wax, 807 carnauba wax, 810

cetyl alcohol, 155 cetyl esters wax, 811 dextrin, 228

hydrogenated castor oil, 130 microcrystalline wax, 813 nonionic emulsifying wax, 815 paraffin, 503

stearyl alcohol, 740

white wax, 817

yellow wax, 819

see also Gelling agents; Thickening agents; Viscosity-increasing agents

Strese & Hofmann’s Hectorite, 318 Strong ammonia solution, 44 Stronger ammonia water, 44 Substituted glucens, 161

Sucaryl, 679

Sucaryl calcium, 679

Sucaryl sodium, 641

Succinylsulfathiazole, 276

Sucralfate, 428

Sucralose, 742

Sucrose, 233, 292, 299, 636, 743–744, 749,

751, 753

alternatives to see Sweetening agents direct compacting, 748

gelatin capsule formation, 295 sweetness

vs. acesulfame potassium, 4

vs. aspartame, 53

vs. fructose, 290, 292

vs. lactitol, 384

vs. saccharin, 638

vs. saccharin sodium, 641

vs. xylitol, 827

vs. artificial sweetening agents, 640, 642

see also Sugar

914 Index

Sucrose syrup, 440

Sucticide, 152

Sugar, 744

alternatives to see Sweetening agents compressible, 747–748, 753

confectioner’s, 747, 750, 753

icing, 750

powdered, 750

refined, 744

see also Sucrose

Sugar coating adjuncts, 750 sucrose, 744

Sugar seeds, 752

Sugar spheres, 747, 749, 751–752

Sugar-free lozenges, 542

Sugartab, 749

Suglets, 752

Sukor, 486

Sulfate of lime, 106 anhydrous, 105

Sulfinylbismethane, 250

o-Sulfobenzimide, 638

o-Sulfobenzoic acid imide, 638

Sulfo-butanedioic acid 1,4-bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester, sodium salt, 257

Sulfobutylether b-cyclodextrin, 754

sodium salt, 754

1-p-Sulfophenylazo-2-naphthol-6-sulfonic acid disodium salt, 198

Sulfuric acid, 758

dilute, 759

fuming, 759

monododecyl ester sodium salt, 687 Sulfurous acid disodium salt, 708 Sulphinylbismethane, 250

Sulphuric acid, 758

Sunett, 4 

Sunflower oil, 205, 207, 506, 647, 723,

760

refined, 760

Sunflowerseed oil, 760

Sunmalt, 447

Sunmalt S, 447

Sunscreens, 761

Sunset yellow FCF, 196, 198

Superiore, 767

Super-Tab Anhydrous, 385

Super-Tab Spray-Dried, 396

Suppocire, 762

Suppository bases, 550, 801

agar, 14

factors affecting drug release, 762 hard fat, 456, 762

additives, 762

chemical reactivity, 762

melting characteristics, 762

rheology, 762

poloxamer, 535

polyethylene glycol, 545

Supronic, 535

Surelease, 278

Sureteric, 589 Surfactants

anionic

docusate sodium, 257

emulsifying wax BP, 808, 816 and self-emulsifying glyceryl

monooleate, 306 sodium lauryl sulfate, 687

cationic

benzethonium chloride, 64

cetrimide, 152

cetylpyridinium chloride, 157

sodium lauryl sulfate incompatibility, 688

chlorhexidine activity, 165

and emulsifying waxes, 808, 816

lauric acid, 406 nonionic

and butylparaben, 84

and ethylparaben, 288

and methylparaben, 468

and propylparaben, 630 and sorbic acid, 710–711

emulsifying wax USP, 808, 816

glyceryl monooleate, 306 polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers, 564–565 polyoxyethylene castor oil derivatives,

573

polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid esters, 581

polyoxyethylene stearates, 585

polysorbate 80, 468

sorbitan esters, 714

triethyl citrate, 796

see also Solubilizing agents; Wetting agents

Surgical spirit, 20 Suspending agents acacia, 1

agar, 14

alginic acid, 21

bentonite, 58

calcium stearate, 102

carbomers, 111

carboxymethylcellulose calcium, 118

carboxymethylcellulose sodium, 120

carrageenan, 124

cellulose, powdered, 136

cellulose, powdered, 136

ceratonia, 148

colloidal silicon dioxide, 188 dextrin, 228

gelatin, 295

guar gum, 315

hydroxyethyl cellulose, 330

hydroxyethylmethyl cellulose, 334

hydroxypropyl cellulose, 336

hypromellose, 346

kaolin, 378

magnesium aluminum silicate, 418 maltitol solution, 440

medium-chain triglycerides, 454

methylcellulose, 462

microcrystalline cellulose, 132 microcrystalline cellulose and

carboxymethylcellulose sodium, 134

polycarbophil, 539

polyethylene glycol, 545

potassium alginate, 594

povidone, 611

propylene glycol alginate, 627 sesame oil, 646

sodium alginate, 656 sodium starch glycolate, 701 sorbitan esters, 714

sucrose, 744

tragacanth, 785

xanthan gum, 821 Sustained-release agents

acetyltributyl citrate, 10

agar, 14

alginic acid, 21

carbomers, 111

carnauba wax, 809

carrageenan, 124

cellulose acetate, 142

glycerin monostearate, 308

glyceryl monooleate, 306

glyceryl palmitostearate, 311

guar gum, 315 hydrogenated castor oil, 130

hydroxypropyl cellulose, 336

hypromellose, 346

hypromellose acetate succinate, 350 hypromellose phthalate, 354

mannitol, 449

methylcellulose, 462

oleyl alcohol, 496

peanut oil, 505

polacrilin potassium, 532

polyethylene oxide, 551

polyvinyl alcohol, 592

sesame oil, 646

sodium alginate, 656

sodium hyaluronate, 681

stearic acid, 737

sugar spheres, 752

tributyl citrate, 792

triethyl citrate, 796

white wax, 817

xanthan gum, 821–822

yellow wax, 819

zein, 828

see also Controlled-release agents

Sustane, 81

Suva 134a, 772

Swanlac, 649

Sweet almond oil, 30 Sweet One, 4 Sweetening agents

acesulfame potassium, 4–5

alitame, 28

artificial vs.sucrose, 640, 679

aspartame, 53, 55

compressible sugar, 748

confectioner’s sugar, 750

dextrose, 231

erythritol, 266

fructose, 290

glycerin, 301

inulin, 362

isomalt, 366

lactitol, 383

liquid glucose, 299

maltitol, 438

maltitol solution, 440

maltose, 447

mannitol, 449

neohesperidin dihydrochalcone, 486

polydextrose, 542

relative sweetness, 292

saccharin, 638

saccharin sodium, 641

sodium cyclamate, 678

sorbitol, 718, 720

sucralose, 742

sucrose, 744

synergistic effects, 640, 643, 679

thaumatin, 775

trehalose, 788

xylitol, 824

Sylvine, 601

Sylvinite, 601

Sylvite, 601

Synaceti 116, 811

Syncal CAS, 640

Synperonic, 535

Synthetic alpha tocopherol, 32

Index 915

Synthetic magnesium silicate, 428 Synthetic paraffin, 504

Synthetic spermaceti, 811 Syrupy phosphoric acid, 530

Tabfine D-100, 231

Table salt, 671

Tablet binders/binding agents see Binding agents

Tablet coating agents see Coating agents Tablet film former see Film-forming agents Tablet White, 725

Tablet/capsule diluents see Diluents (tablet/ capsule)

Tablet/capsule disintegrants see Disintegrants (tablet/capsule)

Tablet/capsule lubricants see Lubricants (tablet/capsule)

Tablet/capsule monogramming, shellac, 649 Tablets, chewable see Chewable tablet

formulations; Medicated confectionery bases

Tablitz, 731

Tablo, 701

Tabulose, 132

Talc, 60, 178, 319, 421, 429, 435, 645, 767,

800

methylparabens incompatibility, 468

powdered, 767

Talcum, 767

Talha gum, 1

Talin, 775

Tangantangan, 128

Tannic acid, 14

Tapi, 442

Tapioca, 725

Tapioca (cassava) starch, 725, 729

Tartaric acid, 187, 294, 437, 598, 770 effervescent tablet formulations, 665 sodium bicarbonate neutralization,

667

d-Tartaric acid, 770

L-(+)-Tartaric acid, 770

Tartrazine, 196, 198

Taste masking agents, erythritol, 266 taste-masking agents, glyceryl

palmitostearate, 311

Taumatin, 775

Taylorite, 58

TBC, 792

TEA, 794

Tealan, 794

TEC, 796

Teel oil, 646

Tegin, 306, 308

Tegin 503, 308

Tegin 515, 308

Tegin 4100, 308

Tegin M, 308

Tego Alkanol 16, 155

Tego Alkanol 18, 740

Tego Alkanol 1618, 150

Tego Alkanol 6855, 150

Tegosept B, 83

Tegosept E, 287

Tegosoft M, 374

Tegosoft P, 376

Tegostearic, 737

Telfairic acid, 414

Tenox BHA, 79–80

Tenox BHT, 81

Tenox PG, 619

Terra alba, 105



Tertiary calcium phosphate, 100 Tetracemate dipotassium, 261

Tetracemate tetrasodium, 262

Tetracemic acid, 260

Tetracemin, 262

Tetracycline, 379, 428

Tetradecanoic acid, 484

1-methylethyl ester, 374 Tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide,

153

Tetrafluoroethane, 243, 322, 772

Tetraglycol, 313

a-[(Tetrahydro-2-furanyl)methyl]-o-hydroxy- poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl), 313

a-(tetrahydrofuranyl)-o-Hydroxy- poly(oxyethylene), 313

Tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, 313 Tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol polyethylene

glycol ether, 313

Tetrahydroxybutane, 266

(+)-(2R,4'R,8'R)-2,5,7,8-Tetramethyl-2-

(4,'8',12'-trimethyltridecyl)-6-chromanol,

33

(+)-(2R,4'R,8'R)-2,5,7,8-Tetramethyl-2-

(4,'8',12'-trimethyltridecyl)-6-chromanyl

acetate, 33

( )-(2RS,4' RS,8' RS)-2,5,7,8-Tetramethyl-2-

(4' ,8' ,12' -trimethyltridecyl)-6-

chromanol, 32

( )-(2RS, 4'RS, 8'RS)- 2,5,7,8-Tetramethyl-2-

(4,' 8', 12'-trimethyltridecyl)-6-chromanyl

acetate, 33

Tetrasodium edetate, 262

Tetrasodium ethylenebis(iminodiacetate), 262

Tetrasodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate, 262

Texapon K12P, 687

Texofor A, 564

Texofor A10, 564

TGS, 742

Thalin, 775

Thaumatin, 775

Thaumatine, 775

Thaumatins, 775

Thaumatins protein, 775

Theobroma oil, 765, 807 Therapeutic agents

albumin, 16

alginic acid, 21

almond oil, 30–31

alpha tocopherol, 32

aluminum hydroxide, 426

ammonia solution, 44 anionic emulsifying wax, 807 ascorbic acid, 48

aspartame, 53

attapulgite, 56

bentonite, 58

benzethonium chloride, 65

benzoic acid, 66

benzyl alcohol, 69

benzyl benzoate, 72

butylated hydroxytoluene, 81

calcium carbonate, 89

calcium sulfate, 105

cellulose acetate, 142

cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP), 145 chlorbutanol, 168

chloroxylenol, 180

citric acid monohydrate, 185 cottonseed oil, 206

dextrin, 228



dextrose, 231

dibasic sodium phosphate, 693 diluted hydrochloric acid, 329 dimethicone, 244

dimethyl sulfoxide, 250–251

docusate sodium, 257–258

edetic acid, 260

fumaric acid, 293

gelatin, 295

glycerin, 301

guar gum, 315

hexetidine, 323

hydrochloric acid, 328

isopropyl alcohol, 371

isopropyl myristate, 374

kaolin, 378

lactic acid, 381

lactitol, 383

lecithin, 409

light mineral oil, 474 magnesium carbonate, 422

magnesium oxide, 426

magnesium silicate, 429

magnesium trisilicate, 434

malic acid, 436

maltodextrin, 442

maltol, 446

mannitol, 449

medium-chain triglycerides, 454

menthol, 459

methylcellulose, 462

mineral oil, 471–472, 474 monobasic sodium phosphate, 696 monoethanolamine, 478

monothioglycerol, 482

nitrous oxide, 490

olive oil, 498

peanut oil, 505

petrolatum, 509

phenol, 514

phosphoric acid, 530

poloxamers, 535

potassium benzoate, 596

potassium bicarbonate, 598

potassium chloride, 600

potassium citrate, 603–604

potassium hydroxide, 605

propylene glycol, 625

simethicone, 652

sodium alginate, 656

sodium ascorbate, 659

sodium bicarbonate, 665 sodium citrate dihydrate, 675 sodium propionate, 699–700

sorbitol, 718

soybean oil, 722

starch, 726

sucrose, 744

sulfuric acid, 758

sunflower oil, 760

thymol, 780

titanium oxide, 782

triethanolamine, 794

trisodium edetate, 262

vanillin, 798

xylitol, 824

Thermal stabilizers, colloidal silicon dioxide, 188

Thiamin (vitamin B1), 608 Thickening agents

agar, 14

ammonium alginate, 46

calcium alginate, 86

916 Index

Thickening agents (cont.) colloidal silicon dioxide, 188 dextrin, 228

ethylcellulose, 278

ethylene glycol palmitostearate, 283 hydroxyethyl cellulose, 330

hydroxyethylmethyl cellulose, 334

hydroxypropyl cellulose, 336

hydroxypropyl starch, 344

hypromellose, 346

methylcellulose, 462

octyldodecanol, 492

pectin, 507

polycarbophil, 539

polyethylene glycol, 545

polyethylene oxide, 551

potassium alginate, 594

trehalose, 788

xanthan gum, 821

zinc stearate, 832

see also Gelling agents; Stiffening agents; Viscosity-increasing agents

Thimerosal, 61, 261, 522, 525, 528, 777

Thimerosal Sigmaultra, 777 Thin vegetable oil, 454 Thioglycerin, 482

1-Thioglycerol, 482

Thiomersal, 777

Thiomersalate, 777

Thiomersalum, 777

Thiothixene, 798

Thyme camphor, 780

Thymic acid, 780

Thymol, 780

and menthol, 460

m-Thymol, 780

Thymolum, 780

TIC Pretested, 627

Timol, 780

Timolol, 250, 609

Tioxide, 782

TiPure, 782

Titanic anhydride, 782

Titanii dioxidum, 782

Titanium dioxide, 193, 196, 199, 357, 782

anatase, 782

Titanium oxide, 782

TM-b-CD, 220

Tocopherol, 32–34

(2R,4'R ,8'R)-alpha-Tocopherol, 32

alpha Tocopherol, 32–34, 51 and ascorbyl palmitate, 32 and lecithin, 32

and linoleic acid, 32

and methyl linolenate, 32 natural, 33

synthetic, 32

alpha-Tocopherolum, 32

d-alpha Tocopherol, 32–33

d-alpha Tocopheryl acetate, 33

d-alpha Tocopheryl acid succinate, 33– 34

dl-alpha Tocopherol, 32

dl-alpha Tocopheryl acetate, 33

dl-alpha Tocopheryl acid succinate, 33– 34

beta Tocopherol, 33–34 and canola oil, 109 delta Tocopherol, 33–34

d-a-Tocopherol, 32–34

dl-a-Tocopherol, 32–34

( )-a-Tocopherol acetate, 33

(+)-a-Tocopherol hydrogen succinate, 34

dl-a-Tocopherol succinate, 34

a-Tocopheroli acetas, 33

Tocopherols excipient, 33–34

a-Tocopherolum, 32

d-a-Tocopheryl acetate, 33

dl-a-Tocopheryl acetate, 33

d-a-Tocopheryl acid succinate, 34 dl-a-Tocopheryl acid succinate, 34 Tolbutamide, 421

a-Toluenol, 69 Tonicity agents

dextrose, 231

glycerin, 301

mannitol, 449

potassium chloride, 600

sodium chloride, 671

Topanol, 81

Trag, 785

Tragacanth, 2, 148–149, 316, 785

and acacia, 1

and guar gum, 316

methylparabens incompatibility, 468

powdered, 786

Tragacantha, 785

Tragacantha gum, 785

Tragant, 785

Transdermal delivery agents acetyltributyl citrate, 10

dimethyl sulfoxide, 250 ethylene vinyl acetate, 285 glyceryl monooleate, 306

isopropyl myristate, 374

isopropyl palmitate, 376 light mineral oil, 474 polymethacrylates, 554

polyvinyl alcohol, 592

sesame oil, 646

sodium carboxymethyl guar, 316 stearyl alcohol, 740

see also Penetration enhancers Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy

(TSE), 297

Trehalose, 788–789

Trehalose dihydrate, 788

Triacetin, 790

Triacetyl glycerine, 790

Tribasic calcium phosphate, 100 Tribasic sodium phosphate, 694 Tribehenin, 304

Tributyl acetylcitrate, 10

Tributyl citrate, 11, 13, 792, 796–797

Tri-n-butyl citrate, 792 Tributyl citrate acetate, 10 Tributyl ester, 10, 792 Tributyl 2-hydroxy-1,2,3-

propanetricarboxylate, 792

Tributyl O-acetylcitrate, 10

Tributylis acetylcitras, 10

Tri-Cafos, 100

TRI-CAL WG, 100

Tricalcii phosphate, 100

Tricalcium diorthophosphate, 100

Tricalcium orthophosphate, 100

Tricalcium phosphate, 100

1,1,1-Trichloro-2-methyl-2-propanol, 168

Trichlorofluoromethane, 176

1',4 ,'6 '-Trichlorogalactosucrose, 742

Trichloromonofluoromethane, 176

Montreal Protocol, 178

4,1',6'-Trichloro-4,1,'6'-trideoxy-galacto-

sucrose, 742

Trichloro-tert-butanol, 168

b,b,b-Trichloro-tert-butyl alcohol, 168

Tricresol, 208

1-Tridecanecarboxylic acid, 484

Triethanolamine, 239, 479, 794

Triethyl acetylcitrate, 12

Triethyl citrate, 11, 13, 793, 796 Triethyl citrate acetate, 12 Triethyl O-acetylcitrate, 12

Triethylis citras, 796

Triethylolamine, 794 Triglycerida saturata media, 454 Triglyceride, caprylic/capric, 454

Triglycerides, medium-chain, 454, 765, 801 3,4,5-Trihydroxybenzoic acid propyl ester,

619

Trihydroxyborene, 74

9,10,16-Trihydroxypalmitic acid, 650 8,9,15-Trihydroxypentadecane-1-carboxylic

acid, 650

Trihydroxypropane glycerol, 301

Trihydroxytriethylamine, 794

Triiron tetraoxide, 364

N,N,N-Trimethyl-1-tetradecanaminium bromide, 153

Trimethyl-b-cyclodextrin, 219–220, 756

N,N,N-Trimethyldodecylammonium bromide, 153

N,N,N-Trimethylhexadecylammonium bromide, 153

a-(trimethylsilyl)-o- Methylpoly[oxy(dimethylsilylene)], 244

Trimethyltetradecylammonium bromide, 152–153

5,7,8-Trimethyltocol, 32

a-(Trimethysilyl-o- methylpoly[oxy(dimethylsilylene)] mixture with silicon dioxide, 652

Tri-n-butyl citrate, 792

Tripotassium citrate monohydrate, 603

TriseptB, 83

Tris(hydroxyethyl)amine, 794 Trisodium 2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-

tricarboxylate dihydrate, 675

Trisodium citrate, 675

anhydrous, 677

Trisodium edetate, 261–262

Trisodium ethylenediaminetetraacetate, 262 Trisodium 2-hydroxy-1,2,3-

propanetricarboxylic acid, 677

Trisodium orthophosphate, 695

Trisodium phosphate, 695

Tri-Stat IU, 359

Tri-Sweet, 53

TRI-TAB, 100

Tritici amylum, 725

Trolamine, 794

Trolaminum, 794

Tronox, 782

TSE see Transmissable Spongiform Encephalopathy

TSP, 695

T-Wax, 815

Tylopur, 346

Tylopur MH, 334

Tylopur MHB, 334

Tylose CB, 120

Tylose MB, 334

Tylose MH, 334

Tylose MHB, 334

Tylose PHA, 330

U-1149, 293

Ultramarine blue

and butylparaben, 84

Index 917

and ethylparaben, 289

and propylparaben, 631

Ultrez, 111

1-Undecanecarboxylic acid, 406

Unimate GMS, 308

Unimate IPP, 376

Unimoll DB, 234

Unimoll DM, 248

Uniphen P-23, 83, 466, 629

Unipure LD, 731

Unipure WG220, 731

Unisept, 166

Unisept B, 83

Urethane hydrogels, 546

USAF EK-P-583, 293

USG Terra Alba, 105

Vaccine adjuvants

aluminum hydroxide adjuvant, 36 aluminum phosphate adjuvant, 40

VA/ethylene copolymer, 285

Vanillal, 276

Vanillic aldehyde, 798

Vanillin, 276–277, 798

Vanillinum, 798

Vanzan NF, 821

Vaselinum album, 510

Vaselinum flavum, 509

Veegum, 418

Veegum HS, 58

Vegetable glycerides, hydrogenated, 762 Vegetable lecithin, 409

Vegetable oil

hydrogenated, 456, 800

type I, 131, 207, 800

type II, 801

thin, 454

Veltol, 445

Veltol Plus, 272

Versene, 262

Versene Acid, 260

Versene CA, 262

Versene-9, 262

Vestimol C, 234

Vianol, 81

Vinegar, artificial, 7

Vinegar acid, 6

Vinegar, artificial, 7

Vinegar naphtha, 268

Vinyl acetate, copolymer with 1-vinyl-2- pyrrolidinone, 201

Vinyl acetate/ethylene copolymer, 285 Vinyl alcohol polymer, 592

1-Vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone

copolymer with vinyl acetate, 201 homopolymer, 214

1-Vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone polymer, 611 Virgin almond oil, 30

Virgin castor oil, 128 Virgin olive oil, 499

Viricides see Antiviral agents

Viscarin, 124

Viscosity-increasing agents acacia, 1

agar, 14

alginic acid, 21

bentonite, 58

carbomers, 111

carboxymethylcellulose calcium, 118

carboxymethylcellulose sodium, 120

carrageenan, 124

ceratonia, 148

cetostearyl alcohol, 150



chitosan, 159

colloidal silicon dioxide, 188 cyclomethicone, 222

ethylcellulose, 278

gelatin, 295

glycerin, 301

glyceryl behenate, 304

guar gum, 315

hectorite, 318

hydrogenated vegetable oil type I, 800 hydroxyethyl cellulose, 330

hydroxyethylmethyl cellulose, 334

hydroxypropyl cellulose, 336

hydroxypropyl starch, 344

hypromellose, 346

magnesium aluminum silicate, 418 maltodextrin, 442

methylcellulose, 462

polydextrose, 542

polyethylene glycol, 545 poly(methylvinyl ether/maleic

anhydride), 561

polyvinyl acetate phthalate, 589 polyvinyl alcohol, 592

potassium chloride, 600

povidone, 611

propylene glycol alginate, 627 saponite, 644

sodium alginate, 656–657

sodium chloride, 671

stearyl alcohol, 740

sucrose, 744

sulfobutylether b-cyclodextrin, 754

tragacanth, 785

xanthan gum, 148, 821–822

see also Gelling agents; Stiffening agents; Thickening agents

Vitamins

solubilizing agents

polyoxyethylene castor oil derivatives, 573

polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid esters, 581

vitamin A palmitate, 573 vitamin A propionate, 573 vitamin B1 (thiamin), 608 vitamin C, 48, 478 vitamin C palmitate, 51 vitamin C sodium, 659 vitamin D, 573

vitamin E, 32–34 vitamin E acetate, 573 vitamin F, 414

vitamin K1, 573

Vivapress Ca, 89

Vivapress Ca 740, 92

Vivapress Ca 800, 92

Vivapur, 132

Vivasol, 211

Vivastar P, 701

Voelicherite, 101

Volpo, 564

Vulvic acid, 406

Wacker HDK, 188

Waglinol 3/9280, 454

Waglinol 6014, 374

Waglinol 6016, 376

Warfarin, 379

Warfarin sodium, 421

Water, 802

for injection, 805 Water for injection, 805



Water softeners, edetic acid, 260 Water-absorbing agents

carboxymethylcellulose calcium, 118

carboxymethylcellulose sodium, 120 Water-repelling agents

dimethicone, 244

simethicone, 652

Water-soluble lanolin, 400 Wax

anionic emulsifying, 689, 807

see also Emulsifying wax, anionic) bleached, 817

carnauba, 809

cetyl esters, 811

hard, 503

alternatives to, 800

microcrystalline, 504, 813

nonionic emulsifying, 815

refined, 819

white, 817

yellow, 817–819

Wecobee, 762

Wecoline 1295, 406

Weisserton, 378 Wetting agents

benzalkonium chloride, 61

benzethonium chloride, 64

cetylpyridinium chloride, 157

docusate sodium, 257

hypromellose, 346

poloxamer, 535

polyethylene alkyl ethers, 565 polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers, 565 polyoxyethylene castor oil derivatives,

573

polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid esters, 581

polyoxyethylene stearates, 586 sodium lauryl sulfate, 687 sorbitan esters, 714

see also Solubilizing agents; Surfactants

Wheat starch, 725

White beeswax, 817

White bole, 378

White dextrin, 228 White mineral oil, 471

White petrolatum, 510, 513 White petroleum jelly, 510 White shellac, 649

White soft paraffin, 510

and anionic emulsifying wax, 807 and lanolin alcohols, 512

White wax, 817, 820

Whitfield’s ointment, 66

Whitlockite, 101

Wickenol 111, 376

Wilkinite, 58

Witcarb, 89

Witcizer 300, 234

Witepsol, 762

Wood ether, 246

Wool alcohols, 402

Wool alcohols ointment, 512 Wool fat, 399

hydrogenated, 400

hydrous, 404

refined, 399

Wool wax alcohols, 402

Xanthan gum, 148–149, 316, 418, 821

Xanthani gummi, 821

Xantural, 821

918 Index

Xilitol, 824

Xylifin, 824

Xylisorb, 824

Xylit, 824

Xylitab, 824

Xylitab 100, 827

Xylitab 200, 827

Xylitab 300, 827

Xylite, 824

Xylitol, 267, 451, 720, 824

cooling effect, 827 sweetness vs. mannitol, 827 sweetness vs. sucrose, 827

Xylitolo, 824

Xylitolum, 824

xylo-Pentane-1,2,3,4,5-pentol, 824

Xylotocopherol, 34

Xylotocopherol, 34

Yellow beeswax, 819

Yellow dextrin, 228 Yellow ferric oxide, 364 Yellow iron oxide, 364

and butylparaben, 84

and ethylparaben, 289

and propylparaben, 631

Yellow ochre, 364 Yellow orange S, 198

Yellow petrolatum, 509, 513 Yellow petroleum jelly, 509 Yellow soft paraffin, 509

and lanolin alcohols, 512 Yellow wax, 817–819

Yeso Blanco, 106

(Z)-9-Octadecen-1-ol, 496

(Z)-9-Octadecenoic acid, 494

methyl ester, 275

Zein, 828

Zephex 134a, 772

Zephex 227 EA, 321

Zephiran, 61

Zinc acetas dihydricus, 830 Zinc acetate, 830

Zinc acetate anhydrous, 830 Zinc acetate dihydrate, 830 Zinc diacetate, 830

Zinc distearate, 832

Zinc ethanoate, 830 Zinc (II) acetate, 830 Zinc oxide, 302, 760

Zinc propionate, 700

Zinc soap, 832

Zinc stearate, 103, 431, 739, 832

Zinci stearas, 832

(Z,Z)-9,12-Octadecadienoic acid, 414